常见考研英语复习参考书(6)
2006年03月01日 18:43 来源：本站 点击： [打印] [收藏] [关闭]
考研英语写作大攻略(一)
第一章 评分标准及考生存在的问题分析
短文写作评分标准是根据内容、文字、句子和用词来制定的，近几年的评分标准如下（供考生参考）：
写作：1题，20分。
本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：
20－17分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16－13分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12－9分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
8－5分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
4－1分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。
从20份考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：
一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。
●一篇好的作文应基本达到：
1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；
2. 语法基本正确；
3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；
4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；
5. 说理清楚，内容充实。
●一篇较差的作文表现为：
1． 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；
2． 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；
3． 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；
4． 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
通过对考生试卷所有作的抽样分析，我们总结出考生主要存在一步到位问题：
1．不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。
2． 用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。
3． 用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。
4． 词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果 只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。
5． 句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：
Our English class often told stories.
应改为：We often told stories in our English class.
6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：
i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。
v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。
第二章 作文出题的题材类型
从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。例如：
一、主题句作文
主句作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。
Example 1
Title: Dictionary……
(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
(3) But you should have one thing in mind……
Dictionary
The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.
Example2
Title: The Computer
(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
(2) Computers play an important role in our life
(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.
The Computer
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.
第一章 评分标准及考生存在的问题分析
短文写作评分标准是根据内容、文字、句子和用词来制定的，近几年的评分标准如下（供考生参考）：
写作：1题，20分。
本题采用通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：
20－17分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容：清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
16－13分：内容切题，包括题中所列三方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
12－9分：内容切题，基本包括题中所列三方面的内容：基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
8－5分：内容基本功题，基本包含题中所列三方面的内容；语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
4－1分：基本按要求写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱、无法理解。
从20份考卷抽样分析，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文须具备两个条件：
一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定的写作技巧。否则在40分钟之内完成一篇200字的优秀作文是难以思议的。
●一篇好的作文应基本达到：
1. 有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句不当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；
2. 语法基本正确；
3. 句法基本准确，句子与句子段落之间过渡连贯；
4. 有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；
5. 说理清楚，内容充实。
●一篇较差的作文表现为：
1． 文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；
2． 出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；
3． 词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；
4． 不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。
通过对考生试卷所有作的抽样分析，我们总结出考生主要存在一步到位问题：
1．不会审题。很多考生在着手做写作题时并无审题和构思的概念，有的担心时间不够，有的则是无从下笔，结果不是文不对题就是时间己过半，只好草草收场。
2． 用汉语思维，逐字翻译。有的考生对英语词造句无把握，便用汉语构思文章，同时将汉语句子硬译英语，结果是非驴非马，无法理解。
3． 用词搭配不当。英语语言是一大特点是其丰富的习惯用语和固定搭配，包括动词短语、介词短语、形容词短语等，例如（花费很多时间做某事）“spend much time in…”不能改成“take much time in…”。词与词之间固定搭配是由历史形成的，有的看起来不符合逻辑，但却是地道用法。
4． 词汇量小，拼写困难。部分学生能在写作中运用的词汇量太少，有的知道用法但拼写不出来，结果 只能用中文取而代之，成绩自然不会理想。
5． 句子逻辑关系混乱。部分考生因受汉语结构的影响，对句子中主谓及状语之间的位置安排不妥，造成逻辑混乱。例如：
Our English class often told stories.
应改为：We often told stories in our English class.
6. 不会应用关联词转承上下句子和段落。关联词起过渡作用，使上下句子和段落合理，承上启下，使表达合乎逻辑，同时结构严谨，文章紧凑。例如：
People lean English to use it , Some learn it so study or work abroad . Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English-speaking foreigners.采用适当关联词，改进为:people learn English for practical purposes :some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.
7. 语法错误。语法错误主要表现为：
i. 分不清及物与不及物动词，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等
ii. 被动与主动语态的误用，例如：interesting和interested; speaking和spoken 等；
iii. 词类混淆，将动词或形容词误作名词用，将名词和动词误作形容词用等；例如：benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等。
iv. 混淆可数名词与不可数名词，例如:help, practice 等。
v. 冠词、情态动词、介词、代词等方面的错误，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。
第二章 作文出题的题材类型
从历年作文试题的出题范围来分析，其题材一般均贴近生活，要求写作的知识范围均为考生所熟悉，容易取材，具有一定可写性。但写作形式均为控制性写作，题材类型分为几类：标题作文、提纲作文、图表作文、规定情景式作文及综合型作文等。例如：
一、主题句作文
主句作文也称为段首句作文，要求考生在每段所给主题句基础上加以扩展，完成段落，再由段落组成文章。主题句作文是目前较常用的一种出题方式，它不像一般正规文章那样要求具有开头段和结尾段，一般只给出三句主题句，所以属于一种简单的三段式作文。
Example 1
Title: Dictionary……
(1) The dictionary is a living teacher
(2) Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries. ……
(3) But you should have one thing in mind……
Dictionary
The dictionary is living teacher. Whenever you come across a new word, just consult it and you will get a clear definition. Every student, whether attending school or self-taught, should always have a dictionary at hand. As a study aid, it is convenient, inexpensive and all-knowing.
Skills will develop with your constant use of various dictionaries The more you use them, the more familiar you will become with them. Sooner or later, you will be quite skilled in finding the page, scanning the entries and locating the exact meaning of the new words.
But you should have one thing mind. As a language student, you should never depend too much on dictionaries. Basic language skill do not come from dictionaries, but from your practice. Learn the language by listening, speaking, reading and writing more, and that is the only way to the mastery of a language.
Example2
Title: The Computer
(1) The computer is a wonderful machine
(2) Computers play an important role in our life
(3) However, many scientists don’s think that computers will replace us completely.
The Computer
The computer is a wonderful machine. It is the most important invention in many years.
Today it is used a great deal in various fields. Especially, it is useful in automatic control and data processing. And now it is finding its way into the home.
Computers play an important role in our life. They can do most of things people can do They can give you information on buying and selling things. Provide you with suggestion of how to deal with certain illness and how to solve the problems you are faced with. There is no doubt that people can live much easier with the help of the computers.
However, many scientists don’t think that computers will replace us completely. No matter how clever they may become, computers are no more that an extension for human brain.
